The Composition and Structure of Dravidian Temples
Dravidian temples are complex and multifaceted structures, with a rich vocabulary of architectural elements that have evolved over centuries. While there is a great deal of variation in the size and complexity of these temples, they all share a common set of core components.
The Core Components
The three most essential components of a Dravidian temple are:
- The Mandapa: The mandapa is a pillared hall or pavilion that precedes the main shrine. It can be open or closed, and it serves a variety of purposes, from sheltering devotees to hosting religious ceremonies.
- The Gopuram: The gopuram is a monumental gatehouse tower that marks the entrance to the temple precinct. Large temples may have multiple gopurams, one for each cardinal direction.
- Pillared Halls (Chaultris or Chawadis): In addition to the main mandapa, Dravidian temples often feature other pillared halls, which are used for a variety of purposes, such as housing shrines for minor deities or providing a space for pilgrims to rest.
Additional Features
Besides these core components, many Dravidian temples also have a number of other features, including:
- The Kalyani or Pushkarni: This is a temple tank, which is used for sacred purposes, such as ritual bathing.
- Dwellings for Priests: Most large temples have living quarters for the priests who serve the temple.
- Other Buildings: Many temples also have other buildings for state or convenience, such as kitchens, storehouses, and administrative offices.
The Dravidian Temple Plan
The typical Dravidian temple is laid out on a quadrangular plan, with the main shrine at the center. The temple precinct is enclosed by a high wall, and there are gopurams at the entrances. The temple itself is a complex of buildings, with the vimana (the tower over the main shrine) as the central focus.
The composition and structure of Dravidian temples are a reflection of the rich and complex religious and cultural traditions of Southern India. These temples are not just places of worship, but also vibrant centers of community life, art, and learning.